Journal “Crop Production, Selection And Seed Production, Fruit And Vegetable Growing”
Аgrobiological features of corn growth and yield under different fertilization systems
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Copyright (c) 2026 Journal “Crop Production, Selection And Seed Production, Fruit And Vegetable Growing”
Grain yield and protein content in winter wheat grain under the influence of retardants on different nutrient backgrounds in the eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine
This paper presents the results of a two-year study on the effect of seed treatments with growth retardants, under various urea fertilization regimes, on grain yield, grain protein content and protein yield per hectare in winter wheat of the Bogdana variety. Formulation of the problem. One of the factors contributing to reduced grain yields in cereal crops is plant lodging, which occurs primarily when high doses of nitrogen fertilizers are applied to well-moistened soils. As a result, grain yields can be reduced by up to 40% or more. Consequently, it is essential to identify ways to address the problem of lodging. In this regard, the most effective approach is the treatment of crops with growth retardants, which, alongside effectively solving the problem of lodging, promote accelerated plant growth and development, enhance their adaptive properties to stress, and ensure the full realization of the genetic potential for crop productivity. Therefore, the use of growth retardants is promising and requires further study, both to identify the best products and to develop algorithms for their application. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of modern retardants with different active ingredients, under various mineral nutrient conditions, on the grain yield and protein content of winter wheat in the Eastern Forest-Steppe region of Ukraine. Research methods. The experiment was set up using the split-plot design. The main plots comprised four variants of fertilization with different doses of urea during the 22nd–23rd microphase: 1 – control; 2 – 75 kg/ha (N35); 3 – 108 kg/ha (N50); 4 – 141 kg/ha (N65). The second-order plots comprised five treatments involving the application of growth retardants to the crops during the 31st microphase: I – control (no growth retardants applied); II – Moddus Star; III – Retacel 720; IV – Medax TOP; V – a mixture of Moddus Star + Retacel 720. The area of the experimental plot was 37.5 m², and that of the reference plot was 30 m². Results. In terms of its effect on grain yield, the treatment with the growth regulator Medax TOP proved to be the most effective in the trial. The average grain yield in this treatment was 5.19 t/ha, which is 7.2 % higher than in the control. Under the weather conditions of both years, a significant increase in grain yield was also observed in the treatment option using a mixture of Moddus Star and Retacel 720 retardants. Thus, in 2024 and 2025, grain yield in this option averaged 4.36 and 5.76 t/ha respectively. It was on a par with the option involving the application of the Medax TOP retardant, significantly exceeding the other options. Overall, the highest winter wheat grain yield was observed in the treatment involving the application of 141 kg/ha of urea (N65) during the 22nd–23rd microphase, combined with spraying the crops with the growth regulator Medax TOP during the 31st microphase. In 2024 and 2025, it amounted to 4.27 and 6.27 t/ha respectively, which is 1.16 and 1.58 t/ha higher than in the control treatment. However, it did not differ signi-ficantly from the grain yield in the treatment involving the application of 108 kg/ha of urea (N50). Based on this, the best option in the trial was to fertilize the crops with urea at a rate of N50 in combination with spraying the crops with the retardant Medax TOP. The application of growth retardants to crops had virtually no effect on the protein content of the grain. There was only a slight tendency for it to increase when crops were sprayed with the retardants Medax TOP and Moddus Star. Specifically, on average across years and urea fertilization treatments, the protein content in the treatments where these products were applied was 14.0 %, whereas in all other treatments it was 13.9 %. The highest protein yield was observed in the variant where urea was applied at a rate of 141 kg/ha in combination with treatment of the crops with the growth retardant Medax TOP. In 2024 and 2025, it amounted to 0.684 and 0.865 t/ha respectively, which is 38.5 and 40.9 % higher than in the control. At the same time, virtually the same protein yield was observed in the variant where 108 kg/ha of urea was applied. Conclusions. The results of two-year studies demonstrated the high effectiveness of spraying crops with retardants during the 31st microphase under all urea fertilization regimes. In terms of grain yield, protein content in the grain and protein yield per hectare of Bogdana winter wheat, the best option in the trial was the treatment of crops with the Medax TOP retardant against a background of urea fertilization during the 22nd–23rd microphase at a dose of 108 kg/ha (N50).
Formation of winter wheat productivity under different nitrogen nutrition systems
Abstract. Formulation of the problem. Efficient nitrogen nutrition is a key factor determining winter wheat productivity, particularly under early spring application on frozen-thawed soil. However, the comparative effectiveness of different nitrogen fertilizer forms and their influence on yield structure formation, grain productivity, and grain quality, as well as varietal responses, remain insufficiently studied and require further scientific substantiation. Purpose. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen fertilizers applied in early spring on frozen-thawed soil on the formation of yield structure components, grain yield, and grain quality of winter wheat under conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Research methods. A field experiment was conducted in 2024–2025 at the farm “Fortuna” (Atemivka village, Chuhuiv district, Kharkiv region). The experiment was established in three replications using a split-plot design. Factor A included winter wheat varieties Kvitka poliv and Yuson. Factor B included nitrogen fertilizer treatments: unfertilized control, ammonium nitrate, UAN-28, urea, and ammonium sulfate. Crop management practices were standard for the region, except for the studied factors. Research results. The results showed that both varietal characteristics and nitrogen fertilizer forms significantly affected the formation of yield components in winter wheat. Under the control treatment, productive stem density was 412 stems/m² for Kvitka poliv and 395 stems/m² for Yuson, thousand grain weight was 38.6 g and 37.0 g, and grain protein content was 10.8% and 10.2%, respectively, indicating insufficient nitrogen supply during early spring growth. All nitrogen fertilizer treatments significantly improved crop performance. Productive stem density increased to 468–498 stems/m² in Kvitka poliv and 452–480 stems/m² in Yuson. The highest values were obtained with ammonium nitrate (498 and 480 stems/m²), due to the rapid availability of nitrate nitrogen and stimulation of tillering during spring regrowth. UAN-28 provided 487 and 470 stems/m², ammonium sulfate 482 and 465 stems/m², while urea resulted in the lowest values (468 and 452 stems/m²) due to slower transformation of amide nitrogen. A similar trend was observed for thousand grain weight, which increased to 40.1–41.2 g in Kvitka poliv and 38.8–39.8 g in Yuson. The highest values were recorded under ammonium nitrate application (41.2 and 39.8 g), while the lowest among fertilized variants were observed with urea. Grain protein content increased to 11.9–13.1% in Kvitka poliv and 11.3–12.5% in Yuson. The highest protein content was obtained under ammonium sulfate application, which is associated with the positive role of sulfur in nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis. Ammonium nitrate and UAN-28 provided intermediate values, while urea showed the lowest improvement among fertilized treatments. Winter wheat grain yield increased significantly under nitrogen fertilization, from 4.21 to 5.03 t/ha in Kvitka poliv and from 3.98 to 4.78 t/ha in Yuson. The highest yield increase was obtained with ammonium nitrate (0.82 and 0.80 t/ha) with nitrogen use efficiency of 34% and 33%, respectively. UAN-28 ensured yields of 4.99 and 4.73 t/ha, ammonium sulfate 4.96 and 4.70 t/ha, while urea showed the lowest efficiency among fertilized variants. Varietal analysis demonstrated that Kvitka poliv consistently outperformed Yuson across all studied parameters, indicating a higher realization of its biological potential under improved nitrogen nutrition conditions. Conclusions. Thus, early spring nitrogen fertilization significantly influences yield formation and grain quality of winter wheat. Ammonium nitrate and UAN-28 were the most effective for increasing grain yield, while ammonium sulfate ensured the highest grain protein content. Urea showed the lowest efficiency under early spring conditions. The obtained results confirm the importance of selecting appropriate nitrogen fertilizer forms depending on production goals and environmental conditions.
Productivity and quality of sunflower hybrid seeds under various growing technologies and application of organic fertilizers
The results of two-year studies on the influence of pre-sowing treatment and foliar fertilization with organic fertilizers, using different technologies for protecting plants from weeds (intensive or organic), on the diameter of baskets, yield and oil content of linoleum-type sunflower hybrids Zlatson and Guslyar are highlighted. An increase in the diameter of the baskets of the Guslyar hybrid by 0.6-1.1 cm was noted under intensive and organic technology when spraying plants in the phase of 3-4 pairs of leaves with the preparation Humisol and in the phase of 5-6 pairs of leaves with the preparations Lianum or Humisol. The highest yield of sunflower is formed under intensive cultivation technology - 1.29 t/ha, compared to organic technology - 1.03 t/ha. Spraying plants of the Guslyar hybrid with organic fertilizers Lianum or Humisol in the phase of 5-6 pairs of sunflower leaves helps to increase yield by 0.10-0.13 t/ha under intensive cultivation technology and by 0.10-0.11 t/ha under organic technology. A significant increase in sunflower oil content by 0.6-1.1% was noted under organic technology of growing sunflower hybrid Zlatson in the variants of pre-sowing seed treatment and spraying of plants in the phase of 3-4 pairs of leaves with organic fertilizers Lianum and Humisol and spraying with the drug Lianum in the phase of 5-6 pairs of leaves, as well as the hybrid Guslyar - by 0.9-1.2% in the variants of spraying of plants in the phase of 3-4 pairs of leaves with organic fertilizers Lianum and Humisol, compared to the control without the use of organic fertilizers. Therefore, to form a larger diameter of baskets and create more favorable conditions for the formation of higher yields of sunflower seeds, it is advisable to use intensive technology for protecting plants from weeds and spray plants with organic fertilizers Lianum or Humisol in the phase of 5-6 pairs of sunflower leaves. At the same time, organic cultivation technology (without herbicides) in the variants of using organic fertilizers Lianum or Humisol helps to increase the oil content of sunflower by 0.6-1.2%.
Impact of different cultivation technologies on the growth and yield of watermelon
The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of organic and intensive watermelon cultivation technologies under the conditions of the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Field experiments were conducted on low-humus ordinary chernozem at the “Shchedryi Lan” farming enterprise in the Kramatorsk district of Donetsk region. The study evaluated the efficiency of implementing organic technology (application of poultry manure at 20 t/ha + incorporation of post-harvest green manure + foliar feeding with HelpRost Vegetable and HelpRost Boron + spraying with biopreparations Mycohelp and Actoverm) and intensive technology (N48P144K144 + foliar feeding with Avangard Vegetable and Avangard Boron + treatment with Uniform and Transform preparations). It was established that under the Steppe conditions of Ukraine, the initial growth stages of watermelon plants under organic technology proceeded more slowly compared to the intensive system (by 1–5 days), while technical maturity occurred 9 days earlier. Under the intensive cultivation system, plants exhibited the highest biometric parameters: main shoot length reached 118.5 cm, the number of lateral shoots was 6.8 per plant with a total length of 835 cm, the number of leaves was 69.5 per plant, and the number of fruits was 3.5 per plant. The organic cultivation system was significantly inferior in all biometric indicators. The application of intensive technology ensured the highest watermelon yield, averaging 83.3 t/ha over the years of study. Increasing the efficiency of organic approaches is possible only through the enhancement of cultivation technologies by additional applications of biopreparations aimed at optimizing plant nutrition.
intensive and organic cultivation technologies
Features of selection and the effect of rootstocks on the vegetative growth and development of Citrus Mitis (Blanco) in pot culture
Abstract. This article presents the results of a study aimed at identifying and selecting the optimal rootstock-scion combination for citrus crops for the grafting of сalamondin (Citrus mitis (Blanco)). The objective of the study was to identify the most suitable rootstock for grafting, ensuring the viability, growth and development of plants in container culture. The study was conducted in the acclimatisation chamber of the biotechnology laboratory and in the lecture halls of the Faculty of Agricultural Biotechnology and Food Technology at the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University. Five species of citrus rootstocks of different growth types and origins were used and evaluated: lemon Citrus limon (L.) Osbesk of the Bel Goy variety, macrophylla Citrus macrophylla (Wester.), mandarin Citrus reticulata (Blanco), lime Citrus aurantifolia (Chrstm.) Swingle and pomelo Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. The plants were assessed for their suitability both for pot culture and for use as rootstocks for calamondin Citrus mitis (Blanco). Research has shown that lime and macrophylla rootstocks are the best rootstocks for calamondin (Citrus mitis (Blanco)) in this experiment and ensure good growth and development of the grafted plants. Scions of various citrus species differed in their growth characteristics, with calamondin plants grown on medium-sized rootstocks exhibiting the best development.
Yield of beans under different methods of biopreparation application in the Eastern Forest-steppe of Ukraine
Formulation of the problem. The production of high-quality, environmentally friendly green beans is possible through the implementation of biological technology, which involves enhancing the functioning of the symbiotic system by applying bacterial fertilizers based on highly effective strains of rhizobia. Physiologically active substances of natural origin and chelated forms of micronutrients play a significant role in determining bean yield. Such components found in the latest biological products advertised by many of their manufacturers. For example, the “Organica” brand recommends using biological products such as Azotix and Potassium Humate for pre-sowing seed treatment and Mega Harvest for foliar feeding to increase bean yield. Research materials and methods. Field studies on the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar application of biological products on the growth and yield of the Panna bean variety were conducted in 2023–2025 at the university’s experimental field. The soil was typical heavy loamy chernozem on carbonate loess. The experimental design included the following pre-sowing seed treatment options: 1. Control (dry seeds), 2. Water, 3. Potassium humate, 4. Azotix, 5. Azotix + Potassium humate, 6. Azotix + Potassium humate + a single foliar application of Mega Harvest, 7. Azotix + Potassium humate + two foliar applications of Mega Harvest. Total plot area – 10 m², recorded area – 6 m². Research results. This article presents the results of a three-year study examining the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with the biological products Azotix and Potassium Humate, as well as foliar application of the biofertilizer Mega Harvest, on the growth and yield of the Panna bean variety. It was found that the applied biological preparations had a positive effect on plant density, survival rate, and biometric, symbiotic, and photosynthetic indicators. Among the experimental treatments, the lowest values were observed in the control, while the highest were observed with pre-sowing seed treatment using a mixture of the aforementioned biological preparations followed by foliar feeding of the plants during the branching and budding stages with the biofertilizer Mega Harvest. In 2023, the grain yield of beans across the experimental treatments ranged from 2.02 to 2.40 t/ha. In 2024, it was very low—0.42–0.62 t/ha—and in 2025, although it increased compared to the previous year, it was still low—ranging from 0.95 to 1.21 t/ha. On average over the three years of research, the grain yield of the Panna bean variety across the experimental treatments ranged from 1.13 to 1.41 t/ha, with the lowest yield in the control and the highest when using Azotix and potassium humate for pre-sowing seed treatment and two applications of the Mega Harvest biofertilizer. This treatment yielded the highest yield increase—0.28 t/ha or 24.8% compared to the control. Conclusions. The use of a combined pre-sowing seed treatment with biological products from the “Organica” brand—Azotix and Potassium Humate—followed by two applications of the Mega Harvest biofertilizer in the cultivation of the Panna bean variety has a positive effect on growth processes and yield formation, even under extreme weather conditions. Three-year studies indicate that the use of biological products contributed to increased plant density and survival rates. The lowest values were recorded in the control group, while the highest were observed with pre-sowing seed treatment using a mixture of Azotix and Potassium Humate, followed by two applications of the Mega Harvest biofertilizer. The applied biological products also had a positive effect on the plants’ biometric, symbiotic, photosynthetic, and structural indicators.
New Localities and Assessment of the State of Populations of Rare Flora Species (Adonis Vernalis and Pulsatilla Pratensis) in the Chernihiv Region
Formulation of the problem. Conservation of rare plant species is one of the key challenges of modern ecology, especially under increasing anthropogenic pressure leading to population decline and loss of natural habitats. Insufficient knowledge of the regional distribution of rare species necessitates уточнення their localities and assessment of the current state of their populations. Purpose. To identify new localities of Adonis vernalis L. and Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill. in the Chernihiv region and to assess the state of their populations. Methods. The study was conducted using route survey methods with GPS-based location фиксація, geobotanical description of habitats, counting of individuals, and analysis of population age structure. Regeneration was assessed based on the ratio of pre-generative to generative individuals. Results. New localities of the studied species were identified within meadow-steppe and forest-edge ecotopes. The population of Adonis vernalis comprises approximately 85 individuals and is characterized by relative stability, whereas Pulsatilla pratensis is represented by a smaller population (about 46 individuals) with a fragmented structure. The presence of individuals at different ontogenetic stages indicates ongoing natural regeneration processes. At the same time, the influence of anthropogenic factors on population condition was recorded. Conclusions. The identified localities are important for уточнення the distribution of rare species in the region. The populations are relatively viable but require continuous monitoring and implementation of conservation measures to ensure their stability.
Selection value of F3 populations of soft winter wheat to Fusarium L. and elements of eagle productivity in the conditions of the central Forest-Step of Ukraine
Formulation of the problem. The level of distribution in agrophytocenoses of pathogens of the genus Fusarium L. is global, therefore, the efforts of breeders are aimed at creating varieties of soft winter wheat resistant to ear fusarium and with high yields. Purpose. In populations of the third generation of soft winter wheat, to determine the selection value and homeostatics of ear productivity elements on a natural and artificial infectious background of fungi of the genus Fusarium L., and during mycological analysis of grain. Methods. General scientific - analysis; laboratory - determination of resistance (by acting on seeds of inoculum of fungi of the genus Fusarium L.), field - phenological, visual, biometric; statistical - processing of experimental data. Results. On an agar medium, for two years, a low level of infection of soft winter wheat seeds with pathogens of the genus Fusarium Link (from 0.7 to 3.1%) was noted. By the nature of the cleavages in the F2 populations, forms with a level of damage from 0 to 51.4% were isolated and high positive values of the degree of transgression were noted. In F3, the best hybrid combinations were isolated by the following features: the length of the main spike, the number of grains and the weight of grains from the main spike on three backgrounds of pathogens of the genus Fusarium L., in terms of breeding value and homeostasis, which made it possible to clarify the adaptive properties of the breeding material. On the natural background of pathogens, the highest breeding value in terms of head spike productivity was from 53 to 70% of hybrid populations, in terms of homeostasis - 23-53%. In terms of breeding value above the average value on the artificial background, from 7 to 63 % of populations were observed, in terms of homeostasis - 7-50 %. Mycological analysis of grain showed variations in breeding value from 47 to 63%, and in homeostasis – 43-50 %. Conclusions. Wheat grain was infected with the following Fusarium species: F. graminearum (3.1 %), F. culmorum (2.5 %), F. sporotrichiella (1.8 %), F. moniliforme (1.1 %) and F. oxysporum (0.7 %). The use of sources of resistance to fungi of the genus Fusarium L. in crosses: BILINMEVEN-49 / Natalka, MV 20-88 / Smuhlianka, Donskoi prostor / Slavna, Myronivska rannostyhla / CATALON ta (Mikon / ALMA) / Lehenda myronivska had a positive effect on the inheritance of resistance to Fusarium, and hybrid combinations created with their participation can be breeding donors of this trait. Based on the productivity of the main ear (based on three experiments), the following breeding-valuable hybrid populations were identified: MIP Kniazhna ↔ (MV 20-88 / Smuhlianka), MIP Kniazhna ↔ (BILINMEVEN-49 / Natalka), MIP Kniazhna ↔ (Donskoi prostor / Slavna), MIP Vyshyvanka ↔ (BILINMEVEN-49 / Natalka), Svitanok MYR ↔ (MYR rannostyhla. / CATALON), Avrora MYR ↔ (MYR rannostyhla / CATALON), etc.
Inheritance of productive tillering in F1 soft winter wheat using the short-statured variety Bilotserkivska napivkarlykova as the maternal parent
Formulation of the problem. The growing demand for food under limited arable land resources and increasing impact of climatic factors necessitates the development of high-yielding and adaptive soft winter wheat varieties. Quantitative productivity traits are characterized by a complex polygenic nature and are strongly modified by environmental conditions, which complicates the prediction of their inheritance in hybrids. Therefore, studying the expression and inheritance patterns of productive tillering is of particular relevance for improving the efficiency of breeding programs and developing new genotypes with high yield potential and adaptability. Purpose. To determine the expression of productive tillering in parental forms and F₁ hybrids of soft winter wheat and to identify the type of inheritance when using the short-stemmed variety Bilotserkivska napivkarlykova as the maternal component in crosses. Methods. Under the conditions of the experimental field of the Educational and Production Center of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, eight hybrid combinations obtained from crossing varieties differing in plant height were studied over three years. Biometric analysis was conducted on an average sample of 25 plants in three replications. Results. The study revealed significant variability in productive tillering depending on the selected crossing combinations and year conditions. The lowest values of productive tillering in 2021 were caused by early cessation of autumn vegetation, very late resumption of spring vegetation, and insufficient precipitation in April. During 2019–2022, when the short-stemmed variety Bilotserkivska napivkarlykova was used as the maternal form, the predominant type of inheritance of productive tillering was positive overdominance, observed in 66.7% of hybrids with the degree of phenotypic dominance hp = 1.1–88.0. A stable expression of hypothetical and true heterosis over three years was found in the combinations Bilotserkivska napivkarlykova / Albatros odeskyi (Ht = 8.2–178.4%; Hbt = 0.7–127.4%), Bilotserkivska napivkarlykova / Vidrada (Ht = 18.5–133.3%; Hbt = 4.4–111.6%), and Bilotserkivska napivkarlykova / Pylypivka (Ht = 7.1–88.0%; Hbt = 4.7–70.5%). Conclusions. A significant influence of parental components on the formation of productive tillering, the degree of phenotypic dominance, and heterosis in F1 hybrids was established. The identified hybrid combinations with stable heterosis expression over three years have practical breeding value for effective trait recombination in subsequent generations.
Influence of seeding rates, sowing dates, and sowing methods on field germination and plant density of winter wheat crops
This article presents the results of a two-year study on the effects of various combinations of seed rate, sowing dates, and sowing methods on the field germination of seeds and the productive stem stand parameters of winter wheat of the Pozitsiya Odessa variety during the fall season. Formulation of the problem. Among the key factors influencing the yield of winter grain crops are seed germination in the field and plant density. A decrease in field germination leads to uneven distribution of seedlings across the planted area and reduced plant density, which is particularly critical under low seeding rates and adverse weather conditions, as in such cases it is much more difficult for plants to compensate for sparse stands through tillering. Based on this, it is of paramount importance to develop measures aimed at achieving higher field germination rates and to establish seed rates, sowing dates, and methods that enable plants to develop adequate plant density by fall. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of various combinations of seed rate, sowing date and sowing method on the field germination of seeds and the stem density parameters of winter wheat crops of the Pozitsiya Odessa variety during the fall season. Research methods. The study was conducted under production conditions at AGROLAND LLC in the Novomoskovsk district, Dnipropetrovsk oblast. A three-factor field experiment was set up using the split-plot design with three replications. The first-order factors were three sowing dates – at a soil temperature of 17–19 °C (first), 14–16 °C (second), and 11–13 °C (third). The second-order factors were two sowing methods: 1 – row sowing with 15 cm row spacing; 2 – strip sowing with a strip width of 12–15 cm and an inter-strip zone of 10–13 cm. The third-order plots consisted of seven seed rate variants ranging from 2.0 to 5.0 million seeds/ha, with a step size of 0.5 million seeds/ha. The area of the plot was 50.0 m². Results. Among the factors studied, only the sowing dates had a significant effect on the field germination of winter wheat seeds. It was lowest in the third sowing date treatments at a soil temperature of 11–13 °C – 72.0 % in 2024 and 74.4 % in 2025. In the first and second sowing date treatments, it was virtually the same, at 74.2 % in 2024 and 77.4 % in 2025. The total number of stems, as well as the number of stems with a diameter of 3 mm or more, was highest in the early-sown treatments at a soil temperature of 17–19 °C; at the same time, some plants in the variants with lower seeding rates formed three lateral stems, which is the better option in terms of overwintering. Crops sown in the third sowing period – at a soil temperature of 11–13 °C – had little time to develop sufficient stem density, especially at low seed rates. Based on this, the optimal option was the one where sowing was carried out at a soil temperature of 14–16 °C. Under the favorable weather conditions of the 2025 autumn growing season, due to the increased tillering potential of the winter wheat variety under study, at a seeding rate of 3.5 million seeds per hectare, the number of stems with a diameter of 3.0 cm or more, in the second sowing date variants (soil temperature at the sowing layer – 14–16 °C) was 549 stems/m², which is quite sufficient for obtaining high grain yields. Under the dry conditions of the 2024 fall growing season, the number of stems with a diameter of 3.0 mm was significantly lower than in 2025, which was due to severe drought during germination and seedling emergence. As a result, increasing the seeding rate from 4.5 to 5.0 million seeds/ha no longer resulted in a significant increase in stem numbers. In particular, in the sowing variants with a soil temperature of 14–16 °C, the average number of winter wheat stems with a diameter of 3.0 mm or more increased by only 4 stems/m² across sowing methods, or less than 1.0 %. Conclusions. In years with favorable autumn weather conditions, seeds of the winter wheat variety Pozitsiya Odesska and varieties similar to it in terms of morpho-biotype should be sown at a seeding rate of 3.5 million seeds per hectare. Under unfavo-rable weather conditions during the autumn growing season, the seeding rate for winter wheat varieties with higher tillering potential due to increased cytokinin content should be increased to 4.5 million seeds per hectare when sowing at a soil temperature of 14–19 °C (first and second sowing dates). should be increased to 4.5 million seeds per hectare.
Features of Tomato Protection in Protected Cultivation: Biotic Factors and Regulation
Abstract. The issue of tomato plant protection in greenhouse vegetable production is driven by the high stability of pest and pathogen populations and the insufficient effectiveness of existing regulatory approaches. Purpose of this study is to synthesize contemporary scientific approaches to phytosanitary protection of tomato under protected cultivation conditions and to substantiate integrated strategies for controlling major harmful organisms and diseases. Methods. A systems approach underpinned the study, in which the greenhouse agroecosystem was considered as an integrated system of interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. An analytical method was used to synthesize published data on tomato pests and their control strategies. A comparative method was applied to evaluate the effectiveness of biological, chemical, and integrated plant protection systems. System analysis enabled the assessment of interrelationships among components of greenhouse protection measures. A structural-logical method was employed to reconstruct the sequence of implementing protective interventions. The synthesis method facilitated the generalization of results and the formulation of coherent conclusions. The evidential base comprised scientific publications, data on pest biology, and information on technologies for the application of plant protection products. Results. It has been established that in glasshouse environments a stable complex of phytophagous pests and pathogens develops, in which tomato moth (Tuta absoluta) plays a dominant role, characterized by high reproductive capacity and rapid population growth throughout the year. Its damage is expressed through systemic injury to the leaf apparatus and generative organs, leading to a substantial reduction in photosynthetic activity, disruption of fruit formation, and the development of secondary infections, while severe infestations result in significant yield losses. An additional phytosanitary risk is posed by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), which combines direct feeding on plants with the transmission of viral infections and the induction of physiological stress, manifested in growth suppression, reduced productivity, and deterioration of product quality. Thrips and spider mites impose a long-term cumulative stress on plants, causing disruption of water balance, reduction in chlorophyll content, and degradation of the leaf apparatus, thereby markedly decreasing the photosynthetic efficiency of the agroecosystem. The Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is characterized by high persistence under greenhouse conditions and predominantly mechanical transmission, which precludes its direct eradication and determines the leading role of preventive measures within protection systems. It has been demonstrated that the most effective strategy is an integrated approach combining biological control agents, selective chemical compounds, and physical control methods, including ultraviolet light traps that reduce adult populations and disrupt pest reproductive cycles. Conclusions. The synthesis of results indicates that protection efficiency is determined by early detection of harmful organisms, the combination of multiple control mechanisms, and systematic monitoring of the phytosanitary status of the greenhouse agrocenosis. The practical significance lies in the applicability of the findings for optimizing integrated tomato protection systems in hydroponic greenhouses and enhancing their phytosanitary stability.
Dynamics of dry matter accumulation in corn hybrids of different maturity groups depending on foliar fertilization
This study presents and analyzes the results of a two-year investigation into the effect of foliar applications of various combinations of water-soluble fertilizers and anti-stress agents on the dynamics of dry matter accumulation and the mass of structural parts in corn hybrids of different maturity groups prior to harvest. Formulation of the problem. Despite the large number of scientific publications on corn fertilization approaches, the issue of evaluating the effectiveness of various foliar fertilization regimens – taking into account weather conditions, soil types, and the morpho-biotypes of corn hybrids – remains relevant. Furthermore, research into the impact of foliar fertilization on plant productivity and corn grain yield is a key step toward the development of environmentally friendly cultivation technologies. The purpose of the research. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of foliar applications of mixtures based on innovative water-soluble fertilizers and anti-stress agents, applied at different application rates, on the dynamics of dry matter accumulation and the mass of structural plant parts in maize hybrids of various maturity groups prior to harvest under the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Research methods. The study was conducted in 2024 and 2025 at the “Horizon-2” agricultural enterprise in the Bilotserkivsky District of the Kyiv Region on deep black, medium loam, and loamy clay soils. A two-factor experiment was set up using the split-plot design with four replicates. The first-order plots (factor A) consisted of three corn hybrids: early-maturing P7818 (FAO 240); mid-early DKS 3730 (FAO 280); and mid-maturing DKS 4541 (FAO 380). The second-order plots (factor B) consisted of seven variants of foliar feeding with solutions based on complex water-soluble fertilizers and anti-stress medications. The area of the second-order plot was 140 m², and that of the reference plot was 100 m². Research results. It has been established that foliar feeding with solutions based on urea (N10), the water-soluble complex fertilizer Nanovit (corn) at a single dose of 1.5 l/ha, and the anti-stress agent Quantum AminoMax at a single dose of 1.0 l/ha has a positive effect on the growth and development of corn crops, resulting in higher plant dry matter and higher grain-bearing cob weight prior to harvest. In the treatment involving two foliar applications of this product combination, the dry matter yield per 1 m², as well as the dry matter yield per plant in all microphases monitored, was significantly higher compared to the control treatment where no foliar applications were made. From the early to the late growth stages, the difference in dry matter yield of corn plants under the influence of the tested foliar fertilization treatments increased, indicating a positive trend and an improvement in the effectiveness of these treatments. Specifically, on average over two years, in the treatment involving two foliar applications of this mixture of products, the dry matter mass of DKS4541 hybrid corn plants in the 19th microphase was 0.11 t/ha, or 5.1 % higher than the control, while in the 82nd microphase it was 1.96 t/ha, or nearly 14.0 % higher. A similar pattern was observed in the dry matter weight per plant. The addition of Partner zinc chelate fertilizer to the tank mix did not have a significant effect on increasing the dry matter yield of corn plants across all the hybrids studied. The pre-harvest grain-filled cob weight was also highest in the treatments that received two applications of urea-based mixtures, Nanovit fertilizer (corn), and the stress reliever Quantum AminoMax. On average across years and hybrids, it ranged from 103.5 to 105.4 g in these treatments, which is 9.3–11.2 g higher than in the control, although there was no significant difference among these treatments themselves. In all the growth stages during which measurements were taken, the mid-season hybrid DKS4541 (FAO 380) showed significantly higher values for both the dry matter yield per hectare and the dry matter yield per plant. In particular, during the 85th microphase, the dry matter yield of this maize hybrid averaged 16.35 t/ha across years and foliar fertilization treatments, while for the P7818 (FAO 240) and DKS3730 (FAO 280) hybrids, it was 12.96 t/ha and 13.88 t/ha, respectively. Conclusions. Overall, the highest dry matter yield across all growth stages was achieved by crops of the mid-season maize hybrid DKS4541 in the treatment involving two foliar applications during the 14-16th and 16-18th microphases according to the BBCH scale, using a mixture of urea (N10), the complex water-soluble fertilizer Nanovit (corn) (1.5 l/ha), and the stress reliever Quantum AminoMax (1.0 l/ha).
Influence of herbicides on the formation of valuable agronomic traits of sunflower: a review of modern research
Abstract. The article summarizes current scientific approaches to assessing the impact of herbicides on the formation of economically valuable traits in sunflower, which is one of the leading oilseed crops in Ukraine and worldwide. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve the efficiency of sunflower production under conditions of increasing anthropogenic pressure, the spread of herbicide-resistant weeds, and the potential negative effects of chemical plant protection products on crop growth, development, and productivity. Despite the high efficacy of herbicides in weed control, their application may be accompanied by manifestations of phytotoxicity, which limits the realization of the genetic potential of sunflower hybrids. The purpose of the study was to generalize and systematize literature data on the effects of herbicides on the physiological and biochemical processes, morphological traits, growth and development of sunflower plants, as well as on the formation of yield structure components and the overall productivity of the crop. Results. The analysis showed that herbicides exert their effects through the inhibition of key biochemical processes, including photosynthesis, amino acid synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and cell division, resulting in alterations in plant morphogenesis. It was found that herbicide effects may manifest as chlorosis, necrosis, leaf deformation, growth suppression, reduced biomass accumulation, and impaired root system development. It was demonstrated that the degree of phytotoxicity depends on the type of herbicide, application rate, crop growth stage, weather conditions, and sunflower genotype. Herbicides were also found to significantly affect yield structure components, particularly plant stand density, head diameter, seed number, and thousand seed weight, which ultimately determine the final yield level. Conclusions. The generalized findings indicate that, alongside their positive role in weed control, herbicides may cause substantial yield losses if application regulations are not properly followed. In this regard, the need to optimize herbicide load, introduce herbicide-tolerant hybrids, and implement integrated weed management systems is well justified. Therefore, the rational use of herbicides is an important prerequisite for increasing sunflower productivity and ensuring the ecological safety of agrocenoses.
Sunflower yield depend on various combination of pre-planting, co-planting and root-zone fertilization
This paper presents and analyzes the results of a two-year study on the effect of the fertilization system on seed yield, dry plant biomass yield, and the proportion of seeds in the total biomass of sunflower plants. Formulation of the problem. Despite the large number of scientific publications devoted to various approaches to sunflower fertilization, the issue of evaluating the effectiveness of fertilization systems remains incompletely studied. This is explained by the introduction into production of new types of fertilizers, modern sunflower hybrids and varieties with different morpho-biotypes, and consequently, different responses to fertilizers. Climate change also plays a significant role in this regard, as it also influences, to a certain extent, the effectiveness of crop fertilization approaches. The purpose of the research. The objective of the study was to determine the combined effect of various combinations of pre-sowing, pre-planting, and root-zone application of mineral fertilizers on the seed yield and dry biomass of the sunflower hybrid SY Fenomeno under the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Research methods. The study was conducted in 2024 and 2025 at the “Hryga” farm in the Poltava District of Poltava Oblast. The experiment was set up using the split-plot design. The first-order plots (factor A) consisted of four variants of root-zone fertilization of crops with the liquid fertilizer UAN32 at the V5–V6 stage: 1 – control (no fertilization); 2, 3, and 4 – UAN32 at doses of 65 l/ha (N20), 95 l/ha (N30), and 125 l/ha (N40), respectively. The second-order plots (factor B) consisted of five combinations of pre-sowing and top-dressing fertilizer applications: I – absolute control; II – pre-sowing application of ammonium sulfate at a rate of 100 kg/ha combined with top-dressing application of ammophos at a rate of 100 kg/ha (production control); III, IV, and V – pre-sowing application of sulfoammophos at a rate of 100 kg/ha combined with post-sowing application of the complex fertilizer MACROSTAR at rates of 100 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha, and 200 kg/ha, respectively. The area of the second-order plot was 210 m². Research methods. The highest average sunflower seed yield over two years was achieved in the treatment involving the root-zone application of UAN32 at a rate of 125 l/ha, combined with a top-dressing application of 200 kg/ha of Makrostar fertilizer, against a background of a pre-sowing application of 100 kg/ha of sulfoammophos – 2.72 t/ha. Compared to the control, the yield increase was 0.59 t/ha, or 28 %. At the same time, the yield was similar in the treatment involving topdressing with 150 kg/ha of Makrostar and root-zone application of UAN32 at a dose of 95 l/ha. The difference in seed yield between these variants in 2024 and 2025 was only 0.15 and 0.08 t/ha, respectively. Under the weather conditions of both years, the effectiveness of pre-sowing, co-sowing, and root-zone fertilizer application in terms of seed yield was virtually identical, indicating the advisability of these practices in years with varying weather conditions. In absolute terms, the increases in seed yield in 2024 and 2025 were virtually identical; in relative terms, they were higher under the less favorable weather conditions of 2024. In 2024, the highest dry biomass yield of sunflower plants – 9.39 t/ha, was achieved in the treatment involving the root-zone application of UAN32 at a rate of 125 l/ha (N40) against a background of pre-sowing application of sulfoammophos at a dose of 100 kg/ha and top-dressing with Makrostar fertilizer at a dose of 200 kg/ha (N18P40K24). At the same time, it was significantly higher than in all other variants. In 2025, a slightly different trend was observed, namely, the highest dry biomass yield of sunflower plants was also in this variant – 10.10 t/ha, however, it did not differ significantly from the variant with a Makrostar fertilizer application rate of 150 kg/ha in combination with 95 l/ha of UAN32. The difference between these variants was only 0.15 t/ha, or 1.5 %. An analysis of the proportion of seeds in the total biomass of sunflower plants revealed no significant fluctuations in this proportion under the influence of the factors studied. Only a tendency toward a decrease in the proportion of seeds in the total plant biomass was observed when the application rates of the Makrostar complex fertilizer were increased. This trend was more pronounced in 2025. Specifically, on average across the root-zone fertilization treatments, the seed proportion in the total biomass of sunflower plants in that year was 27.7 % in the treatment with the highest doses of pre-sowing and top-dressing fertilizers, whereas in the control for this factor, it was 28.5 %. Conclusions. The results of a two-year study demonstrated the high effectiveness of pre-sowing, co-sowing, and root-zone application of compound fertilizers in increasing seed yield and dry plant biomass. In terms of agronomic efficiency, the best options were the combination of pre-sowing application of sulfoammophos at a rate of 100 kg/ha (N20P20S14), co-sowing application of the Makrostar compound fertilizer at doses of 150 and 200 kg/ha (N14P30K18 and N18P40K24), and root-zone fertilization with the liquid fertilizer UAN32 at a dose of 95 l/ha (N30).
Formation of agronomically valuable traits in experimental sunflower hybrids under the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine
Formulation of the problem. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide and in Ukraine, and the increase in its productivity is largely associated with the development of new high-yielding heterotic hybrids. Under current conditions of climate change and increasing requirements for yield stability, the study of the genetic variability of economically valuable traits and the identification of relationships among yield structure components have become particularly relevant. A comprehensive evaluation of experimental hybrids based on morphological and productivity traits makes it possible to identify promising genotypes for further use in breeding programs. Purpose. The aim of the study was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of experimental sunflower hybrids based on morphological traits and yield structure components, to determine the level of their variability, to identify relationships among the main productivity indicators, and to select promising hybrid combinations for use in breeding programs under the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field experiments were carried out in 2024–2025 under the environmental conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The experimental material included 68 sunflower hybrids obtained by crossing four sterile maternal lines with 20 fertility restorer lines developed through in-house breeding. Sowing was performed according to a 70 × 25 cm spacing scheme with three replications and randomized plot placement. The following traits were evaluated: plant height, number of leaves, head diameter, plant productivity, 1000-seed weight, seed bulk density, and biological yield. Statistical analysis was performed using variation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Results. A considerable variability of the studied traits among sunflower hybrids was revealed. Plant height ranged from 146 to 200 cm, head diameter from 13.1 to 19.3 cm, plant productivity from 32.0 to 88.3 g, 1000-seed weight from 35.1 to 71.4 g, and seed bulk density from 343 to 480 g L⁻¹. Biological yield varied from 1.8 to 4.9 t ha⁻¹. The highest productivity was recorded for hybrids A620-16×SD-054B (4.9 t ha⁻¹), A25×SD-057B (4.6 t ha⁻¹), and A25×SD-029B (4.4 t ha⁻¹). Principal component analysis showed that the first two components explained 59.6% of the total trait variability. A strong positive relationship between plant productivity and 1000-seed weight was identified, indicating their key role in yield formation. Conclusions. The studied collection of experimental hybrids is characterized by substantial genetic diversity in morphological and productivity traits, which creates broad opportunities for selection. Several hybrid combinations with high productivity and favorable yield structure components were identified. These hybrids can be considered promising breeding material for the development of new competitive sunflower hybrids adapted to the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
Influence of seed treatment with mycorrhizo-forming bioproducts and biochar on productivity and grain quality indicators and biomass of sorghum bicolor on marginal lands
Formulation of the problem. In the context of global climate change and the need to decarbonize the energy sector, there is an urgent need to intensify the cultivation of sorghum bicolor as a strategic raw material for biofuels. Despite the significant potential of the crop, the impact of modern biological products on the quality indicators of grain and biomass, which determine the efficiency of biofuel yield, remains insufficiently studied. Purpose. To determine the effect of seed treatment with a mycorrhizal biopreparation and biochar on the productivity and quality indicators of grain and biomass of common sorghum (bicolor) plants on marginal lands. Methods. Biological (conducting a field experiment) and statistical (descriptive statistics and analysis of variance). Field studies were conducted in 2023-2025 on marginal lands of the Yaltushiv Research and Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the NAAS (Vinnytsia region) according to the scheme of a two-factor experiment: factor A - Mycofriend (0, 4 and 8 g/kg of seeds), factor B - BM-nanobiochar (0, 4 and 8 g/kg of seeds). Results. It was established that pre-sowing treatment of seeds of sorghum bicolor early-ripening hybrid sorghum ‘Svat’ with the preparations Mycofriend and BM-nanobiochar significantly intensifies growth processes and improves the quality characteristics of the raw material. The maximum yield of wet biomass (15.1 t/ha) was recorded with a combination of a high dose of Mycofriend (8 g/kg) and an average dose of biochar (4 g/kg), which is 26.9% higher than the control indicators. The highest values ​​of dry matter yield (8.19 t/ha) and seed yield (6.74 t/ha) were obtained with the joint use of moderate doses of both components at a rate of 4+4 g/kg. Analysis of the biochemical composition indicates an increase in the starch content in the grain to 72.1–72.3% with the use of BM-nanobiochar at a rate of 4 g/kg both independently and in combination with Mycofriend. At the same time, seed treatment with biopreparations at a rate of 4 g/kg leads to an increase in biomass ash content to 8.03% and a decrease in the share of structural carbohydrates, while the maximum accumulation of lignin (10.05%) ensures the separate use of biochar at a rate of 8 g/kg. Energy assessment showed that seed treatment with biopreparations allows to increase the total energy yield to 202.8 GJ/ha, which is 26.7% higher than the control indicator. In the structure of energy yield, the dominant component is the energy of solid biofuel (69-72%), the yield of which reaches 9.01 t/ha when combining preparations at a rate of 4+4 g/kg. Under the same scheme, the maximum yield of bioethanol (2.34 t/ha) and the highest energy efficiency coefficient – 9.43 were recorded, which confirms the high economic and technological feasibility of using the studied biopreparations for the production of renewable fuels. It was determined that further increase in processing rates above 4 g/kg of each biological product causes a gradual decrease in productivity and energy cost recovery. Conclusions. It was established that pre-sowing treatment of sorghum bicolor seeds with a mixture of Mycofriend and BM-nanobiochar at a rate of 4+4 g/kg is optimal and provides the highest yield of dry matter (8.19 t/ha) and grain (6.74 t/ha). This scheme achieves the highest yield of bioethanol (2.34 t/ha) and solid biofuel (9.01 t/ha), which provides a total energy yield of 202.8 GJ/ha and an energy efficiency coefficient of 9.43. The synergistic effect of both biological preparations contributes to the accumulation of starch (up to 72.1%) and dry matter (up to 55.6%), although it also causes an increase in the ash content of biomass. In the structure of energy output in all variants, solid biofuel energy dominates (about 70%), which confirms the high energy value of the crop as a raw material for renewable energy.
Formation of the photosynthetic surface of sunflower lines depending on genotype and pre-sowing seed treatment with growth stimulants and micronutrients
Formulation of the problem. Increasing sunflower productivity largely depends on the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus, particularly the leaf area, which determines the intensity of assimilatory processes. At the same time, its formation is governed by both genotypic characteristics and agronomic practices, among which pre-sowing seed treatment with growth stimulants and micronutrients plays an important role. The insufficient study of their effects on different sunflower lines under the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine determines the relevance of this research. Purpose. To determine the peculiarities of the formation of the photosynthetic surface of sunflower lines depending on different variants of pre-sowing seed treatment and to assess their impact on yield. Methods. Field experiments were conducted during 2022–2024 on typical medium-humus slightly leached chernozem soils. The objects of the study were sunflower lines Sх17A, Sх51A, and Sх808A. The experimental design included various variants of pre-sowing seed treatment using seed dressers, growth stimulants, and micronutrients. Leaf area and yield were measured, and analysis of variance, correlation, and regression analyses were applied. Results. It was established that the photosynthetic surface significantly varied depending on genotype and seed treatment variant. The highest values were observed in line Sх808A, while the lowest were recorded in Sх51A. The application of growth stimulants and micronutrients generally increased leaf area, with the most effective treatments involving Nertus Plantapeg, Nertus Start, and Raikat Start. According to the analysis of variance, the contribution of genotype was 77%, year conditions – 8%, and seed treatment – 3%. A strong positive correlation between leaf area and yield was revealed (r = 0.920; R² = 0.846). The greatest yield increase was obtained in treatments with Nertus Plantapeg and AKM. Conclusions. The formation of the photosynthetic surface of sunflower lines is mainly determined by the genotype, which has a dominant effect, while pre-sowing seed treatment and year conditions have a smaller but statistically significant effect. The regression coefficient shows that an increase in leaf surface area by 1 thousand m²/ha is accompanied by an increase in yield by an average of 0.055 t/ha.
Identifiсation of drought toleranсe сandidate genes in amaranth using bioinformatiс approaсhes
Formulation of the problem. Today, amaranth is a niсhe сrop whose produсts сan be used in the food, feed, ornamental, and pharmaсeutiсal industries. With ongoing сlimate сhange and the steady trend toward global warming, plants inсreasingly suffer from soil moisture defiсienсy. The development of drought-tolerant forms has therefore beсome an urgent task in agriсultural сrop breeding. This breeding direсtion is also highly relevant for amaranth. Purpose. The aim of this study was to identify nuсleotide sequenсes of drought toleranсe сandidate genes in amaranth, analyze their polymorphism, and design primers for the identified sequenсes. Methods. The study was сonduсted in 2023–2025 at the Department of Genetiсs, Breeding and Seed Produсtion of the State Bioteсhnologiсal University. A bioinformatiс searсh for сandidate genes was performed using DREB gene sequenсes. Sequenсe сomparisons were сarried out using the multiple sequenсe alignment method with the BioEdit 7.2.5 software, whiсh is a biologiсal sequenсe alignment editor. After identifying сandidate drought-resistanсe genes in amaranth, primers were designed using AmplifX 2.1.1 software. This program also allows in siliсo PCR testing of the designed primers. Results. A total of 53 DNA sequenсes сontrolling drought toleranсe in agriсultural сrops were identified during the study. Among them, 13 DNA sequenсes were identified as potential drought toleranсe сandidate genes in amaranth. The deteсted sequenсes formed five haplotypes, two of whiсh were identiсal. Within haplotype A, three alleles were identified; haplotypes B and D eaсh сontained two alleles; and haplotype C сontained one alleliс variant. All alleles within eaсh haplotype differed by the presenсe of insertions/deletions (indels) of varying lengths. A diagnostiс primer pair was developed for eaсh haplotype, whiсh сan be applied in marker-assisted seleсtion to study drought toleranсe in amaranth. Conсlusions. The bioinformatiс analysis resulted in the identifiсation of 13 potential drought toleranсe сandidate genes in amaranth, determination of their haplotypiс struсture, and сharaсterization of alleliс polymorphism, inсluding indels of different lengths, indiсating genetiс diversity of the analyzed DNA fragments. Based on the obtained data, diagnostiс primers were developed for eaсh identified haplotype. These primers сan be effeсtively used in marker-assisted breeding programs aimed at developing drought-tolerant amaranth varieties and hybrids.
Nutrient Uptake by Crops and Their Balance in the Soil of a Field Crop Rotation
Formulation of the problem. To achieve a neutral level of soil degradation, it is necessary to apply agrotechnologies that ensure the restoration of soil fertility and prevent environmental pollution. At the same time, it is important to establish rational parameters of the nutrient balance, taking into account soil properties and prospects for their improvement. The purpose of the research – to determine the effect of fertilizer application systems in a field crop rotation on the removal of main nutrients with the main products, as well as their balance and its intensity in podzolized chernozem of the Right-Bank Forest Steppe. Research methods. The study was conducted in a long-term (since 2010) stationary field experiment of the Uman National University. The balance of the main nutrients in the soil was calculated using a simplified scheme. The input part of the balance included only the supply of nutrients by mineral fertilizers, and for nitrogen, also symbiotic fixation by soybeans. Since the efficiency of nitrogen fixation was not studied in the experiment, the nitrogen fixation coefficient was assumed to be 60 %. In the output part, the removal of nutrients from the main products was taken into account. Research results. The average annual increase in the yield of the main products of crop rotation crops, depending on the fertilization system, compared to the absolute control (5.04 t/ha of grain units), increased by 1.57–3.58 t/ha of grain units, or by 31–71 %. Exclusion of the nitrogen component from the complete mineral fertilizer (N110P60K80 per 1 ha of crop rotation area) reduced crop rotation productivity by 36%, phosphorus by 17 %, and potassium by 12 %. The smallest decrease (4–6 %) was observed in the experimental variants N110P60K40 and N110P30K80. The average annual removal of nitrogen, P₂O₅, and K₂O with the main products of field crop rotation crops ranged within 87.2–148.6 kg/ha, 34.3–60.3, and 31.9–57.0 kg/ha, respectively, and was the highest under the application of N110P60K80. Their share was 56–57 %, 22–23 %, and 21–22 %, respectively, depending on the fertilization system, while the ratio of N : P₂O₅ : K₂O was 1 : 0.39–0.41 : 0.36–0.39. The intensity of the balance of the main nutrients depends on their application rates in the crop rotation and varies within a wide range. The application of nitrogen fertilizers at a rate of 110 kg a.i./ha ensured the formation of a nitrogen balance intensity within 93–108 %, which can be considered balanced. The application of phosphorus fertilizers at a rate of 30 kg a.i./ha covered the removal of phosphorus with grain and seed yield by only 52–59 %. A rate of 60 kg a.i./ha, in combination with nitrogen or with nitrogen and potassium, ensured a phosphorus balance intensity of 100–109 %. Potassium fertilizers (40 kg a.i./ha) provided potassium balance intensity at the level of 73–84 %, depending on the experimental variant. This is sufficient for heavy loamy podzolized chernozem with a high potassium content. Conclusions. According to the balance of the main nutrients in the soil, calculated under the condition of their removal from the field only with the main products (grain and seeds), the best experimental variants are N110P60K80 and N110P60K40, as well as N110P60 as a temporary option, considering that heavy loamy podzolized chernozem has significant potassium reserves both in the soil itself and in the parent material.
Dry matter formation of spring rice varieties under the influence of additional nutrition using different sowing methods
According to three years of research, the influence of mineral fertilizers and growth regulators under different sowing methods on the dry matter formation of spring camelina varieties has been established. Formulation of the problem. The productivity indicators of spring ryegrass plants - the dynamics of dry matter growth are important for the formation of a large seed yield and characterize the efficiency of the assimilation surface of plants. Therefore, studies on the dynamics of dry matter accumulation on the productivity of spring ryegrass are relevant and are related to the improvement of its cultivation technology. Purpose. Establishing the features of the formation of dry matter of spring ryegrass under the influence of mineral fertilizers, plant growth regulators and sowing methods in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The study was conducted in 2023–2025 at the experimental field of the Institute of Oilseed Crops in the Zaporizhzhia district of Zaporizhzhia region. To address the research objectives, a four-factor field experiment was carried out. Factor A – row spacing (2 variants). Factor B – application of mineral fertilizers (4 variants). Factor C – variety (2 variants). Factor D – application of growth regulators (4 variants). The total number of experimental variants was 64. Replication was threefold. The establishment of the experiment, accounting, measurements, and accompanying observations were conducted according to standard field experiment methodologies. Results. The greatest increase in dry matter of one plant, depending on the background of mineral fertilizers and the use of growth regulators, was obtained in the interphase period of flowering-ripening: with a row spacing of 15 cm, 0.90–1.29 g/plant for the Prestige variety and 0.83–1.29 g/plant for the Slavutych variety; with a row spacing of 70 cm, 1.07–1.64 g/plant for the Prestige variety and 1.05–1.55 g/plant for the Slavutych variety. The greatest values ​​of dry matter increase of one plant of red spring wheat were obtained with a row spacing of 70 cm, with the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N40P40K40. The use of growth regulators contributed to an increase in dry matter increase rates for all interphase periods, sowing methods and mineral nutrition backgrounds. The maximum values ​​of dry matter increment of spring ryegrass per hectare for both sowing methods for both the Prestige and Slavutych varieties were provided by growing with a row spacing of 15 cm and applying mineral fertilizers at a dose of N40P40K40. The greatest dry matter increment in the interphase flowering-ripening period – 4.72 t for the Prestige and Slavutych varieties was obtained when sowing with a row spacing of 15 cm against the background of applying mineral fertilizers at a dose of N40P40K40 with spraying of crops with the growth regulator Rost-concentrate in the rosette phase. Conclusions. The highest mass of dry matter of 6.99 t/ha for the Prestige variety and 7.09 t/ha for the Slavutych variety, including the vegetative part of 5.67 t/ha (81.2%) and 5.69 t/ha (80.4%) and seeds of 1.32 t/ha (18.8%) and 1.40 t/ha (19.6%), respectively, was obtained when growing with a row spacing of 15 cm against the background of the application of mineral fertilizers N40P40K40 with spraying of crops in the rosette phase with the growth regulator Rost-concentrate.
Correlation dependence of daily losses of cucumber fruits and treatment with film-forming composition
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a popular vegetable worldwide, a ready-to-eat product, valuable for its special, refreshing taste and content of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. In the logistics supply chain of cucumber fruits, the problem of storage under natural conditions is created, because after harvesting the fruits quickly lose freshness and deteriorate in quality within 2–3 days. Currently, there is a significant increase in the development of biodegradable edible packaging to ensure the safety and quality of fruits and vegetables after harvesting. One of the biopolymers for edible coatings of food products is gelatin, chitosan, pectin. Purpose of the work. The conducted studies aimed to determine the effect of treating cucumber fruits before storage with edible coatings based on high-molecular gelatin, agar-agar and chitosan on weight loss and to establish correlations between coating compositions. This will reduce product losses during storage and extend the duration of its consumption. The object of the study is the technology of pre-treatment of cucumber fruits using edible coatings based on gelatin, agar-agar and chitosan. The subject of the study is cucumber fruits, their weight loss and quality change during storage depending on the type of protective coating. Conclusions. Agar-agar-based coating provided the lowest weight loss of cucumber fruits – 3.1%, in uncoated fruits - 4.7%. Increasing the amount of agar-agar from 25 to 75% in the composition reduced weight loss from 3.2 to 3.4%. The difference between the minimum loss values ​​is statistically significant and is 1.65 at NIP05 = 0.79. The coefficient of variation is more than 25%, which confirms the significant difference between the options. The regression equation indicates the relationship between daily losses of cucumber fruits and natural mass losses, damage by microorganisms and physiological disorders. With increasing mass loss, daily losses increase by 0.059%, the increase in damage by microorganisms is 0.165%, physiological disorders are 0.093% A direct strong correlation (r = 0.9947) between the average level of daily mass losses and losses from damage by microorganisms is confirmed. Drageeing cucumber fruits affects the level of total mass losses of fruits by 72.1%.
The formation of the symbiotic system in chickpea plants depends on cultivation technology factors
Among the legumes grown in Ukraine, chickpeas are a promising and competitive crop. This crop not only has high nutritional value but also plays a significant role in improving the agroecological condition of soils. Thanks to its ability to undergo symbiotic nitrogen fixation with nodule-forming bacteria, chickpeas facilitate the accumulation of biological nitrogen, which helps reduce the need for mineral nitrogen fertilizers. This, in turn, allows for lower production costs and minimizes the negative impact on the environment. Chickpeas are capable of producing high, consistent yields of adequate quality under extremely high air temperatures and prolonged moisture deficits during the growing season. In addition, including chickpeas in crop rotation helps improve the soil’s agrophysical and agrochemical properties, increase its fertility, stimulate microbiological processes, and create favorable conditions for growing subsequent crops. In this regard, chickpeas are considered not only a valuable food crop but also an effective biological factor in restoring soil fertility. Therefore, the issue of expanding chickpea acreage and improving cultivation techniques has become a pressing concern. The aim of the research was to determine the comprehensive effect of seed rates and sowing methods on the formation of the symbiotic system of chickpea plants of the Budzhak and Odysseus varieties during the growing season. Research Methods. The experimental studies were conducted at the «Experimental Field» Research and Training Center of the State University of Biotechnology in 2024–2025. The field trial was set up in accordance with standard procedures using two chickpea varieties, Budzhak and Odysseus. Five seed rates were studied – 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900 thousand seeds per hectare with three row spacing options: 15, 30, and 45 cm. Results. The studies established that the number and weight of nodules on plants of the studied chickpea varieties were significantly influenced by the tested seed rates and sowing methods. It was found that the maximum values of the studied indicators were reached during the flowering phase. Thus, in the Budzhak variety under the best treatment in the experiment, the number and weight of nodules were 20,2 and 0,95 g, respectively, and in the Odysseus variety, 21,1 and 1,03 g, respectively. During the branching, flowering, and ripening phases, the highest values for the number and weight of tubers were observed in the row-sowing variants with a row spacing of 15 cm and the minimum seed rate in the experiment—500,000 seeds per hectare. Thus, for the Budzhak variety, the number of tubers was 13,3, 20,2, and 10,9, and for the Odisey variety, 13,6, 21,1, and 11,1. Accordingly, the weight of tubers in the Budzhak and Odysseus varieties during the specified phases was 0,56; 0,95; and 0,48 g, and 0,59; 1,03; and 0,59 g, respectively. In both studied varieties, a tendency toward a decrease in the studied indicators was observed with an increase in the seed rate. Sowing methods also influenced the variability in the number and weight of formed tubers, but their effect was significantly smaller than that of seeding rates. It is worth noting that with the widening of row spacing from 15 to 45 cm, the maximum decrease in the number and weight of tubers was observed in all phases of measurement. Conclusions. It was found that the number of nodule-forming bacteria and their biomass per chickpea plant in both varieties under study decreased systematically with an increase in the seeding rate and row spacing. The maximum values of the studied indicators were observed during the flowering phase in the treatments with the minimum seeding rate of 500 seeds/ha. Thus, in the Budzhak variety, the number and weight of nodules were 20,2 and 0,95 g, respectively, and in the Odysseus variety, 21,1 and 1,03 g, respectively. Among the sowing methods studied, the row sowing method with a row spacing of 15 cm clearly demonstrated an advantage. Widening the row spacing from 15 cm to 45 cm resulted in a decrease in the number and weight of tubers by 1,9 pieces and 0,14 g in the Budzhak variety and by 2,2 pieces and 0,12 g in the Odisey variety.
Analysis of new mutant and hybrid amaranth samples by main economic traits in the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine
The limited breeding material of amaranth in Ukraine significantly hinders the development of high-yielding varieties. Most of the available genotypes do not fully meet modern breeding requirements, which complicates the obtaining of new promising forms with a complex of valuable economic traits. Purpose. The aim of the study was a comprehensive breeding characterization of new amaranth samples of mutant and hybrid origin according to key valuable economic traits under the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in order to identify promising source material. Methods. The objects of the study were 11 breeding samples obtained on the basis of the Ultra and Kharkivskyi 1 varieties by chemical mutagenesis (treatment with dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, and ethyl methanesulfonate) followed by selections in mutant and hybrid populations. The research was conducted in 2024–2025 under field conditions on typical chernozem using the randomized block design in three replications. The duration of the vegetation period, plant height, panicle length, productivity per plant, and 1000-seed weight were evaluated. Statistical data processing was performed using variation analysis, one-way analysis of variance, cluster analysis, and biplot analysis. Results. The vegetation period ranged from 90 to 132 days. Cluster analysis clearly identified three maturity groups: early-maturing (samples №6, №7, №12 — 90–99 days), mid-maturing (№2, №4, №5, №10, №11, № 220 – 100–115 days), and late-maturing (№52, №106 – 120–132 days). Plant height varied from 61.7 to 131.7 cm. Most samples fell within the optimal range. The tallest were samples №10 (128.0–131.7 cm), №6 (121.0–130.0 cm), and №7 (125.0–129.7 cm); the shortest were №220 (61.7–63.3 cm) and №52 (72.0–76.3 cm). Panicle length ranged from 10.0 to 35.0 cm, with maximum values in samples №10 (33.3–34.7 cm), №7 (33.0–34.3 cm), №2 (30.7–35.0 cm), and №6 (30.3–33.0 cm). Productivity per plant varied from 2.4 to 10.7 g, with the highest values recorded for sample №106 (9.0–10.7 g), as well as №10 (8.1–8.6 g) and №2 (7.8–8.1 g). The 1000-seed weight was in the range of 480–870 g, with the highest values in samples №12 (750–870 g), №52 (750–830 g), and №220 (700–760 g). Biplot analysis of the complex of traits revealed the most valuable group of samples (№10, №6, №7, №2, №5, №11), which combines a well-developed panicle and high productivity. Sample №106 stood out as a source of high productivity (average 9.85 g per plant). Samples №52, №220, and №12 were characterized by increased 1000-seed weight but were inferior in panicle length and overall productivity. Conclusions. As a result of the study, promising breeding samples of amaranth with optimal plant height, different maturity groups, and high productivity were identified. Practical value of the work lies in the creation of new genetic material suitable for use in breeding programs aimed at developing high-yielding, technologically advanced amaranth varieties adapted to the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
SENSORY EVALUATION OF CHERRY AND SOUR CHERRY FRUITS
The competitiveness of fruit products is determined by their external and sensory properties, among which the key ones are weight, diameter, colour, hardness, texture, taste, and aroma. For fresh fruits such as sweet cherries and cherries, sensory appeal is a key indicator of consumer value and commercial quality for both raw materials and processed products. The following sensory characteristics influence the tasting card for the professional assessment of cherry quality: external fruit appearance, consistency, and taste. The sensory profile of the fruit is influenced by its size, shape, colour, pulp consistency and juiciness, the nature of its skin and individual flavour nuances. To determine the sensory evaluation of sweet cherry fruits, model varieties of three ripening periods were selected: 1st (early) – ‘Sweet Early’, ‘Merchant’, ‘Biharro Burlat’, ‘Rubinova Rannia’, ‘Valerii Chkalov’, ‘Kazka’, ‘Zabuta’; 2nd (medium) – ‘Kordia’, ‘Octavia’, ‘Vynka’, ‘Pervystok’, ‘Temp’, ‘Liubymytsia Turovtseva’, ‘Talisman’, ‘Dilema’, ‘Melitopolska Chorna’; ‘Orion’, ‘Chervneva Rannia’, ‘Dachnytsia’, ‘Prostir’; 3rd (late) – ‘Karina’, ‘Regina’, ‘Mirazh’, ‘Krupnoplidna’, ‘Udivitielna’, ‘Zodiak’, ‘Surpryz’, ‘Kolhoznytsia’, ‘Kosmichna’, ‘Prazdnichna’, ‘Anons’, ‘Tempion’, ‘Meotyda’. For the experiment, fruits of 10 model cherry varieties were taken: ‘Vstriecha’, ‘Ozhydanije’, ‘Shalunia’, ‘Siyanets Turovtsovoi’, ‘Griot Melitopolskyi’, ‘Solidarnist’, ‘Ihrushka’, ‘Melitopolska Purpurna’, ‘Modnitsa’, and ‘Ekspromt’. Sensory evaluation of sweet cherry and cherry fruits was conducted during consumer ripeness. The highest sensory rating (9,0) was given to the cherry varieties ‘Kazka’, ‘Vynka’, and ‘Krupnoplidna’. In terms of taste, the maximum score (9,0) was given to the varieties ‘Kazka’ and ‘Merchant’ for their harmonious sweet-and-sour taste and distinct aroma. The best consistency (8,9) was demonstrated by the Vinka variety with its tender, juicy flesh and thin, dense skin. Experts noted the harmonious, sweet, and sour taste of the ‘Krupnoplidna’ variety. The fruits of the ‘Modnitsa’ and ‘Griot Melitopolskyi’ varieties received the highest score (8,7) based on the average sensory parameters. The fruits of these varieties had a delicate texture, the juiciest pulp, and thin skin. Experts singled out the ‘Modnitsa’ and ‘Griot Melitopolskyi’ varieties for their taste qualities. The taste qualities of the fruits of these varieties were rated at 8,9 points. The analysis will help predict the directions of raw material use – for cooling and transportation, for consumption in fresh form, or for food production – and is a tool for optimising post-harvest technological processes in the food industry.
INFLUENCE OF ROW SPACING ON PLANT PRODUCTIVITY OF MODERN WINTER RYE HYBRIDS
The article presents the results of a three-year study on the effect of row spacing (12.5, 15.0, and 19.0 cm) on the productivity of modern winter rye hybrids (hybs.) ‘Tayo’ and ‘Trebiano’. Problem Articulation. The average yield of winter rye in Ukraine is 2.4 t/ha, reaching up to 6.0 t/ha in leading farms, while the world record stands at 11.8 t/ha. The primary cause of low winter rye yields is violations of cultivation technologies. Optimal nutrition area, which is determined by appropriate row spacing selected during sowing, is a key factor influencing plant productivity is the. Currently, the Ukrainian market is saturated with state-of-the-art seed planters from both domestic and leading global manufacturers. In this regard, the purpose of our study was to determine the optimal row spacing for modern winter rye hybrids using various seed planters that differ in row width and sowing mechanism design. Methods. The study was conducted at the Mykolaivskyi Agricultural Complex in the Koriukivka district of the Chernihiv region in 2022-2024. Two modern foreign winter rye hybrids, ‘Tayo’ and ‘Trebiano’ (included in the State Register of Plant Varieties in 2021 and 2020, respectively; originator – KWS, Germany), were selected for the study. The experimental variants included the following row spacings: 1) 12.5 cm (sown with a Kverneland u-drill); 2) 15.0 cm (sown with an Astra Nova seed planter); 3) 19.0 cm (sown with a Great Plains NTA3510 seed planter). To achieve the research objectives, a two-factor field experiment was laid out using a systematic plot arrangement in three replications, following standard methodologies. Results. The tillering capacity coefficient was higher at a row spacing of 12.5 cm for both winter rye hybrids. Under the influence of the studied row widths, it ranged from 2.4 to 3.8 in hyb. ‘Tayo’ and 2.2 to 3.5 in hyb. ‘Trebiano’. Slightly taller plants were observed in both hybrids at a row spacing of 19.0 cm. This seems logical, as narrowing the distance between plants within a row due to wider row spacing increases inter-plant competition, causing them to elongate. On average across the study years, the maximum plant height (133.2 cm) was recorded in winter rye hyb. ‘Trebiano’. The longest spike (12.2 cm) was formed by winter rye hyb. ‘Trebiano’ at a row spacing of 19.0 cm, and it was 0.7 and 0.9 cm longer than at 15.0 and 12.5 cm spacings, respectively. Hyb. ‘Tayo’ formed the greatest number of productive stems (530 stems/m²), which was 35 stems/m² more than hyb. ‘Trebiano’; we think that this difference can be attributed to specific hybrids’ characteristics. Grain weight per spike was higher at a row spacing of 12.5 cm in both hybrids. In the experiments on hyb. ‘Trebiano’, it amounted to 1.64 g, while in hyb ‘Tayo’, it was 0.23 g lower. Widening the row spacing led to a decrease in grain weight per spike by 0.03–0.07 g for both winter rye hybrids. The thousand-kernel weight (TKW) in hybs. ‘Tayo’ and ‘Trebiano’ was higher by 0.60–1.40 g and 0.80–1.60 g, respectively, when they were sown at a 12.5 cm row spacing. With wider row spacing, the TKW decreased by 0.70–1.50 g in both winter rye hybrids. The highest grain yields – 8.26 t/ha from hyb. ‘Tayo’ and 8.71 t/ha from hyb. ‘Trebiano’ – were harvested when the hybrids were sown at a row spacing of 12.5 cm. Widening the row spacing to 15.0 cm reduced yields by 1.10 t/ha in hyb. ‘Tayo’ and 0.68 t/ha in hyb. ‘Trebiano’. Further widening to 19.0 cm resulted in an even greater yield reduction of 1.81 and 1.59 t/ha, respectively. Conclusions. Thus, to ensure higher grain productivity of both studied winter rye hybrids, it is advisable to sow them at a 12.5 cm row spacing.
Study of the influence of post-harvest treatment with salicylic acid and chitosan on the storage of blueberries
Formulation of the problem Preservation of the quality of berry raw materials is becoming relevant due to the value of berries as a food product for dessert and technological purposes in the processing industry. To reduce berry losses throughout the entire logistics chain "harvest - post-harvest processing of berry raw materials - transportation - storage - sale", it is necessary to slow down the evaporation of water from the fruits, prevent possible physiological damage and microbiological spoilage of products. For this purpose, pre-treatment of berries before storage with preparations that have antibacterial properties is used. A new technology for post-harvest processing of fruit and berry products with edible coatings is being introduced. Methods of post-harvest processing of fruit and berry products are being searched for, which inhibit physiological processes during storage and extend the duration of storage. Storing berries with minimal weight loss and without deterioration in quality is a pressing issue. Purpose. The conducted research aimed to study the effect of pre-treatment of blueberries with a solution of salicylic acid and chitosan on their preservation. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: to determine the natural weight loss of blueberries during storage; to establish the change in dry soluble substances of blueberries, taking into account weight loss during their treatment with a solution of salicylic acid and chitosan. The object of the study is the technology of pre-treatment of blueberries with the use of salicylic acid and chitosan. The subject of the study is blueberries and a solution of salicylic acid and chitosan. Conclusions. Treatment of berries with a solution of salicylic acid and chitosan extends the storage time by 7 days and reduces weight loss. Berries of the Duke variety reduced weight loss by 8.9% (from 19.2% to 10.3%), similar results were obtained for the Patriot variety – 8.5% (from 22.8% to 14.3%), other varieties varied in weight loss from 6.2 to 5.3%. Pretreatment of blueberries with salicylic acid and chitosan slowed down the loss of dry soluble substances by 2.3–3.8% depending on the characteristics of the variety, while in untreated berries by 2.8–4.9%. The greatest loss of dry soluble substances was observed in the Patriot blueberry variety, while in the Liberty variety they were the smallest – 2.8%
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Impact of integrated anti-stress measures on maize productivity
Maize is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide, yet its productivity is severely reduced by abiotic and biotic stresses. Optimization of cultivation technologies through the use of biological and biodynamic preparations in combination with growth stimulants is considered a promising approach to enhancing crop resilience. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated anti-stress technologies in improving maize performance. The field experiment included three variants of foliar treatments with biological preparations based on Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas spp., multifunctional growth stimulants, and biodynamic agents. Physiological and biochemical plant parameters, ear morphology, and grain yield were assessed. The results showed that the application of biological preparations combined with growth stimulants increased ear length by 1.0 cm, ear weight by 38–46 g, grain number per ear by 47–49, and thousand kernel weight by 13–20 g compared to the control. Grain yield increased by 12.9–14.9 %, with the strongest effect observed under combined use of biological, growth-stimulating, and biodynamic agents. The practical significance of the study lies in demonstrating the feasibility of implementing integrated anti-stress systems into maize cultivation technology, which enhances crop productivity and yield stability under climate change conditions.
The impact of climate change on the yield of sunflower hybrids in the forest-steppe zone of the kharkiv region
The article considers the impact of climate change on the yield of sunflower hybrids in the forest-steppe zone of the Kharkiv region during 2022–2025. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between agroclimatic indicators — total precipitation, total active temperatures (above 10 °C), and the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) — and the yield of five sunflower hybrids: SI “Chester,” P64LL129, SI “Lascala,” NK “Kondi,” and P64LP130. The research was conducted on farms in the Berestinsky district, where the conditions for sunflower vegetation during the analyzed period were characterized by a sharp contrast in temperature and humidity. The analysis revealed a trend toward rising temperatures and decreasing precipitation during 2022–2025, which is confirmed by a decrease in the hydrothermal coefficient from 1.1 to 0.4. These changes indicate a gradual increase in aridization of the climate in the region. Sunflower yields decreased on average from 3.6 t/ha (2022) to 2.4 t/ha (2025), which correlates with the deterioration of moisture conditions. The highest yield stability indicators were observed in the NK Kondi and P64LP130 hybrids, which indicates their better adaptation to higher temperatures and moisture deficiency. Correlation analysis showed a close direct relationship between precipitation and hybrid yield (r = 0.87–0.99) and a negative relationship between the sum of active temperatures and yield (r = –0.68 to –0.89). The hybrids SI “Chester” and SI “Lascala” showed the greatest sensitivity to climatic fluctuations, while the P64LP130 hybrid, grown using Clearfield technology in 2024–2025, showed a weak correlation with climatic indicators, which may indicate greater stability and potential resistance to extreme weather conditions. The results confirm that in modern climatic conditions, it is advisable to use drought-resistant hybrids and adaptive cultivation technologies aimed at maximizing soil moisture conservation. Given the increase in the cost of sunflower seeds (from 13.6 to 26.8 thousand UAH/t in 2022–2025), the issue of economic efficiency in the selection of hybrids and technologies that ensure stable yields under climatic risks is also relevant. The research conducted deepens the understanding of the adaptive potential of modern sunflower hybrids in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine and can be used to optimize crop structure and predict yields, taking into account climate change trends.
Influence of elements of cultivation technology on yield and main nutrients of grain of grain sorghum hybrids of foreign selection and its processed products
The article highlights the results of three years of research on the complex effect of the predecessors and new hybrids of grain sorghum Milo W and Brigga on grain yield and comparative assessment of the content of basic nutrients in grain, cereals and flour. Statement of the problem. One of the determining criteria for obtaining high yields of grain sorghum is compliance with and timely implementation of technological measures, one of which is its placement on the best predecessors, as well as the selection of hybrids with high genetic yield potential and increased adaptability to adverse abiotic factors of the growing zone. Sorghum grain is mainly used for animal feed due to its high digestibility, but its potential as an ingredient in the human diet is not yet fully understood. Today, more than ever, consumers aredemanding products that provide optimal health benefits. Materials and methods of the research.The hybrids of the French selection Brigga and the American selection Milo W were used in the research, which have a number of important features such as drought and cold resistance, high adaptability and genetic resistance to certain aphid species, resistance to lodging and shattering. The grain of the hybrids under study was grown during 2019-2021 in the Eastern Forest-Steppe at SD-Agro LLC, Izyum district, Kharkiv region. The soil of the experiment is typical chernozem with a deep humus profile, contains 5.0-6.0% humus, has good physical properties, an increased content of mobile forms of NPK and, in general, high biological activity. The growing seasons of 2019 and 2020 can be described as dry, while 2021 was quite wet. The amount of precipitation by month varied significantly. Laboratory studies were carried out at the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences. Sorghum grain was processed into whole grain cereals and flour and the main composition of nutrients was determined. The mass fraction of protein substances was determined by the Kjeldahl method, fat content by the Soxhlet method, starch content by the Evers method, and sugar content by the iodometric method. The biochemical composition of the grain (starch, protein, dietary fibre, fat, ash, glucose) was determined by infrared spectroscopy according to DSTU 4117:2007 using Infratek 1241. The content of vitamins and amino acids was determined by liquid chromatography using a Chromos301 analyser. Results of the study. In order to maximise the potential of any sorghum hybrid, it is necessary to study the feasibility of growing it under different predecessors using recommended technologies in the relevant agroclimatic zone. In our studies, in all years, the best predecessor was winter wheat, which provided the highest yield of the Brigga hybrid - 7.01 t/ha, and the Milo W hybrid - 6.16 t/ha. In the French-bred Brigga hybrid, the amount of proteins was significantly lower and ranged from 8.70 g after sunflower to 9.81 g after winter wheat. As for the amount of fat in sorghum grain, the same pattern was observed, the highest amount of fat in the Brigga hybrid was observed after winter wheat. Worse predecessors such as sorghum for grain and sunflower reduced the amount of fat to 2.06 and 3.14 g, and with the best predecessor the amount of fat was 2.64 and 3.64 g. The Milo W hybrid had a significantly higher amount of proteins and fats in sorghum grain under different predecessors than the Brigga hybrid. The amount of dietary fibre in the Milo W hybrid averaged 6.39 mg, Brigga - 4.64 mg. The highest values of these nutrients were observed when sorghum was grown under winter wheat as a predecessor. With other predecessors, there was a tendency to reduce the content of protein, fat and carbohydrates. In sorghum grain, vitamin B2 was significantly less than vitamin B1. Thus, in the grain of the Milo W hybrid, riboflavin was 0.15 mg/100 g, and in the Brigga hybrid, 0.13 mg/100 g, while in cereals and flour, the amount of vitamin B2 in both hybrids decreased almost twice. Conclusion. The conducted three-year studies show that the French hybrid Brigga had a significantly higher yield than the American hybrid Milo W in the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The average yield was 7.01 t/ha for the Brigga hybrid and 6.16 t/ha for the Milo W hybrid. During the years of research, the American hybrid Milo W stood out among the studied hybrids in terms of the content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Among the studied hybrids, the American hybrid Milo W had the highest content of these vitamins - 0.36, 0.56 and 0.34 mg/100 g, respectively. The tendency to decrease the content of B vitamins in cereals and flour was preserved in both hybrids. According to the results of the research, it was found that the content of vitamin PP is the highest in the grain of the American-bred hybrid Milo W (6.04 mg), and in the French-bred hybrid Brigga (4.97 mg). In cereals and flour, the content of this nutrient decreased in both hybrids by 0.5 and 3% in cereals and by 3 and 4.7% in flour. The grain of the American-bred Milo W hybrid had a vitamin E content of 0.52 mg/100 g, while the lower content of this vitamin was found in the grain of the French hybrid Brigga - 0.48 mg/100 g. During grain processing into cereals and flour, the amount of this nutrient decreased in both hybrids.